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The human placenta is a critical life-support system that nourishes and protects a rapidly growing fetus; a unique organ, species specific in structure and function. We consider the pressing challenge of providing additional advice on the safety of prescription medicines and environmental exposures in pregnancy and how ex vivo and in vitro human placental models might be advanced to reproducible h

In the late 19th century, political debates emerged in Sweden and Norway as well as in Finland concerning Travelling families – in this article defined as indigenous itinerant families whom the settled population pejoratively designated with terms such as ‘tatere’ (Norway), ‘tattare’ (Sweden) or ‘zigenare’ (Finland). In this article, these debates are compared, and the transfer of ideas and propos

To provide a new reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, in the form of calendar-year time-slices, which are particularly useful for ice sheet modelling, we have compiled and synthesized published geomorphological data for eskers, ice-marginal formations, lineations, marginal meltwater channels, striae, ice-dammed lakes, and geochronological data from radiocarbon, varve,

Background Secundum atrial septal defect (ASD2) is one of the most common cardiac malformations diagnosed in adult life. Catheter closure has made treatment possible even in patients of high age. However, published outcome data for elderly patients is limited. The aim of this study was to report, on a national basis, the long-term outcome of ASD2 catheter closure in the elderly. Material and resul

The dynamical processes associated with electric field manipulation of the polarization in a ferroelectric remain largely unknown but fundamentally determine the speed and functionality of ferroelectric materials and devices. Here we apply subpicosecond duration, single-cycle terahertz pulses as an ultrafast electric field bias to prototypical BaTiO3 ferroelectric thin films with the atomic-scale

The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite was launched into orbit around L2 in December 2013 with a payload containing 106 large-format scientific CCDs. The primary goal of the mission is to repeatedly obtain high-precision astrometric and photometric measurements of one thousand million stars over the course of five years. The scientific value of the down-linked data, and the operation of the on

Olof von Dalin (1708–1763) är en skepnadsskiftande person och diktare. I sina texter anlägger han gärna masker, talar genom främmande, uppdiktade munnar. Dalin är inte bara en författare, utan många. Han anteciperade Bellman, som i likhet med sin förebild Dalin gav liv åt olika karaktärer och talade och sjöng med olika poetiska tonfall. Dalin är både pekoralpastischens upphovsman i Sverige och den

»Märket» på svensk arbetsmarknad innebär att exportindustrins löneöverenskommelse fungerar som norm för alla andra avtal. Det är ett omstritt system, men trots detta vet vi mycket lite om dess uppkomsts. I den här texten dyker ekonomhistorikern Erik Bengtsson djupt ner i källorna för att hitta bakgrunden till systemet, och finner att tidigare forskning haft fel i antagandet om att en lönepolitik l

Context. As part of the data processing for Gaia Data Release 1 (Gaia DR1) a special astrometric solution was computed, the so-called auxiliary quasar solution. This gives positions for selected extragalactic objects, including radio sources in the second realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF2) that have optical counterparts bright enough to be observed with Gaia. A subs

We discuss the generalized Rice formula approach to deriving long-run distributions of characteristics defined at random events of a stochastic process or field. The approach stems from the same principle originally introduced by Rice for the level crossing intensity in a random signal and we review its extensions to more general contexts. Events are defined on random surfaces through crossing lev

When implementing a language by means of attribute grammars, it is often useful to study example programs and their attributed trees, to understand the compiler structure, or for debugging. DrAST is a tool that allows interactive inspection of attributed trees. It is interfaced to the JastAdd metacompiler, and supports all JastAdd attribution mechanisms, such as demand evaluation, reference attrib

Et af de mest interessante spørgsmål en fysiker kan forsøge at svare på er hvad består tingene af?. Et hus kan skilles ad i mursten, og murstenen kan også skilles ad i sine bestanddele.Sådan kan man fortsætte indtil man bare har atomer tilbage. Atomerne kan skilles ad ielektroner og en atomkerne der består af neutroner og protoner. Elektronen er, så vidt vived, fundamental, og kan ikke skilles ad.This thesis concerns models of high energy collisions of sub-atomic particles, and the models’ implementation in numerical simulations; so–called Monte Carlo event generators. The models put forth in the thesis improves the description of soft collisions of protons, and takes the first steps towards a new, microscopic description of collectivity in proton collisions and collisions of heavy nuclei

A method of measuring three-dimensional spatial wave size is proposed and statistical distributions of the size characteristics are derived in explicit integral forms for Gaussian sea surfaces. New definitions of wave characteristics such as the crest-height, the length, the size and the wave front location are provided in fully dimensional context. The joint statistical distributions of these wav

Braided convolutional codes (BCCs) are a class of spatially coupled turbo-like codes (SC-TCs) with excellent belief propagation (BP) thresholds. In this paper we analyze the performance of BCCs in the finite block-length regime. We derive the average weight enumerator function (WEF) and compute the union bound on the performance for the uncoupled BCC ensemble. Our results suggest that the union bo