Throughout history the right and the duty to participate in the country's national defense has been exclusively for men. Women have traditionally been excluded. During the 20th century male conscription was the main way to assure the need for soldiers in Norway and Sweden. Today both countries are seen as pioneers in gender equality issues, but the proportion of women in both countries' ar

The radical right has established themselves as permanent actors in the European party system over the last decade. The determinant factors explaining their increased electoral success have been thoroughly researched. Despite this fact the knowledge of their policy impact is largely unknown. This thesis argues that the local level in Sweden offers unique opportunity to study the policy impact of t

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the EU is constructed discursively in their discourse about a possible Turkish EU-membership. This is done by drawing upon Torben Bech Dyrbergs (1997) theory on how identities are constructed relationally thorough the logic of difference and equivalence. The empirical material consists of progress reports released by the European Commission, and by spee

Världen blir alltmer globaliserad och statsgränsen har inte samma betydelse. Det internationella samfundet växer snabbt där stater blandar sig i varandras angelägenheter alltmer. Humanitära interventioner sker i större utsträckning och intresset att ingripa har ökat mycket senaste åren. Uppsatsen ämnar göra en jämförande fallstudie med interventionerna Kosovo och Libyen som studieobjekt. Med utgånThe world is moving towards globalization, and borders do not have the same meaning as they used to have. The international community is growing with countries getting more involved in each other’s businesses. Humanitarian interventions are getting more common and the will to intervene has grown. The purpose of this study is to do a comparative case study with the interventions in Kosovo and Libya

The 2014 Climate Summit at UN headquarters in New York was a major political communicative event where leaders from the private sector, governments and civil society addressed the issue of climate change. Among the attending heads of government was Barack Obama. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of Obama's 2014 Climate Summit speech. I have used frame analysis along with fram

This essay explores power relations within Swedish civil society from a Governmentality perspective developed firstly by Michael Foucault. It suggests that we need to reconceptualize the common notion of civil society as an independent sphere where autonomous citizens and their personal interests can be developed. The methodology is developed from a qualitative text approach and uses theories of c

I den här uppsatsen behandlas preferensaktier och fokus ligger på emittenter som är börsnoterade bolag. Utgångspunkten i svensk rätt är den så kallade likhetsprincipen som innebär att alla aktier ska ha samma rätt i bolaget. Undantag från detta kan göras om det finns lagstöd för och om det förs in i bolagsordningen att olika aktieslag får förekomma i bolaget – exempelvis preferensaktier. PreferensThis essay is about preferred stocks and focus is on issuers that are companies listed on regulated markets. The main rule in Sweden is the so-called principle of equality, which states that all stocks shall have the same right in the company. Exceptions to this may be made if there are legal grounds for it and if it is entered in the Articles of Association that different classes of stocks may ex

In 2003, the Kimberley Process, a public-private partnership gathering governments, the diamond industry and several civil society organizations, entered into force. This international scheme, aiming at fighting against conflict diamonds, imposed export bans on diamonds from the Marange Fields in the Eastern part of Zimbabwe and from the Central African Republic. Indeed, evidence of violations of

Företagsskattekommitténs huvudförslag för nytt bolagsskattesystem är ett obeprövat beskattningssystem som inte finns i något annat land i världen. Denna uppsats behandlar både förslagets materiella innehåll och förslagets skattemässiga effekter för företag och branscher i Sverige. Kommitténs förslag är komplext och medför stora förändringar jämfört med dagens bolagsbeskattning. Förslaget innehålThe main proposal for a new corporate tax system from the Swedish Committee on Corporate Taxation is an untested system that does not exist in any other country in the world. This paper both deals with the content of the proposal and the tax effects of the proposed rules for companies and various lines of businesses in Sweden. The Committee’s proposal is complex and entails significant changes in

This thesis highlights the problems with straw men for car ownership from a law development perspective. The questions that forms the base for the thesis are: What is a car straw man? Why has it been so difficult to find a solution to the problem with car straw men? Has the legislator through the legislative changes come to a solution concerning the problem and limited the possibility for continue

I Marks & Spencer-domen tillät EUD för första gången gränsöverskridande förlustutjämning för koncerner, enligt Marks & Spencer-målet kan ett moderbolag ta emot ett dotterbolags förlust vid det fall dotterbolaget har uttömt alla möjligheter till att beakta förlusten i sin hemviststat. Med tiden har Marks & Spencer-undantaget utvecklats och sträcker sig idag till att även avse fasta drifThe ECJ allowed for the first time cross-border loss relief in the judgement of Marks & Spencer, according to the Marks & Spencer case ECJ granted a parent company loss relief with a subsidiary in another EU member state in case the subsidiary had exhausted the possibilities of taking losses into account in the state of residence. The case law has developed to also concern permanent establ

Virtuella valutor i allmänhet och bitcoin i synnerhet är en del i den digitala utveckling som sker i allt snabbare takt. Virtuella valutor har under de senaste åren gått ifrån att vara en företeelse som enbart attraherade en ytterst begränsad skara individer till att bli ett globalt virtuellt valutasystem med miljontals användare. Även den finansiella expansionen som virtuella de valutorna varit mVirtual currencies in general and bitcoin in particular are parts of a digital development that is currently entering the financial markets in an increasing phase. Moreover, virtual currencies were just a few years ago an occurrence that attracted only a very few particular types of people. However, presently virtual currencies have developed into becoming a major global phenomenon with millions o

I miljöbalkens 5 kap finns regler gällande MKN, vilket riktar sig mot den allmänna miljökvaliteten. Den traditionella miljörätten riktar sig mot störningskällor av olika slag, medan MKN riktar sig mot tillståndet och kvaliteten i miljön utan att rikta sig mot några särskilda störningskällor. Författaren ämnar med uppsatsen att se hur lagstiftningen gällande MKN ser ut i den nationella miljölagstifThe essay examines how legislation regarding environmental quality standards are constructed in the Environmental Code especially in Chapter 5. Traditionally, the Environmental Code targets sources of interference of different kinds, while environmental quality standards target the general condition and quality of the environment. The regulation of environmental quality standard origins from the f

I det virrvarr av paragrafer, principer och värden rättstillämparen är nödgad att orientera sig i är tolkningsförfarandet av yttersta vikt för att fastställa vad som utgör gällande rätt. I den skatterättsliga avvägningen mellan rättsystemets inneboende värden och principer måste rättstillämparen, med machete i högsta hugg, bereda väg genom den snårskog som utgör den offentliga rätten samtidigt somInterpretation, whether it is the judicial interpretation of the law or the interpretation of the true implication between contracting parties, is without doubt a most delicate matter. Torn between the fundamental values of predictability, uniformity and the principles of law the judiciary must determine the true meaning of a transaction or norm whilst facilitating a judicial precedent. Suppose th

SOU 2014:40 innebär avdragsbegränsningsregler för finansiella kostnader, bland annat finansiella leasingtransaktioner. Grundtanken bakom detta är att utjämna skillnaderna i den skattemässiga behandlingen av eget och lånat kapital. Ett ytterligare skäl till att avskaffa avdragsrätten för räntor är att det har förekommit omfattande skatteplanering med ränteavdrag som har visat sig svår att motverka.If the proposed changes in SOU 2014:40 are implemented it will impose limitations on deductions for ”financial expenses”. This process will mean limitations for deductions related to financial leasing. The idea behind this is to lessen the difference that exists between the taxation of equity and borrowed capital. Another reason behind the proposed changes is the large extent to which the current

Under det senaste decenniet har terroristverksamheten blivit allt mer brutal. Många forskare inom ämnet menar att terrorismen har förändrat karaktär och att man därför kan dela upp terrorism som ny respektive gammal. Detta anser vi vara intressant, då terrorismen i allt större grad påverkar världen och dess befolkning. I vår studie vill vi pröva denna teori om ny och gammal terrorism genom att bes

Citizenship regimes in Western Europe are changing. On the one hand, over the past 30 years, citizenship has been liberalized. On the other, in particular over the past ten years, access to citizenship through naturalization has become restricted in most Western European states. This development has been intertwined with public discourses on ‘integration’ of those Europeans who once migrated to th

I sin teori om prekariatet ger Guy Standing sin syn på den rådande arbetsmarknaden där fler och fler människor lever under osäkra arbetsförhållanden. Enligt honom är det konsekvenserna av en politik som har sett rörlighet på marknaden som svaret på ekonomiska problem. Vid problem har politikerna försvagat de kollektiva organisationerna och försämrat anställningstrygghet med mera för arbetstagarna.In his theory of the precariat Guy Standing gives his view on the current labour market where more and more people has precarious working situations. According to him it is the consequence of a policy that has seen movability on the labour market as the answer to economical problems. At troubled times the politicians have weakened the unions and worsened the employment securities for the workers.

Double emulsions have a great potential in food applications, such as low calorie products and to improve sensory properties. For the dairy industry, double emulsions could be used to produce a product with a lower fat content which maintain the same properties as regular whipping cream. The purpose of this project was to obtain a stable Water-in-Oil (W/O) emulsion with butter oil with a small mea

De nationella domstolarna intar en central roll i den Europeiska unionens judiciella system men är inte helt fria att på egen hand bedöma unionsrättsliga frågor. I denna uppsats undersöks hur utrymmet för nationella domstolar till självständiga unionsrättsliga bedömningar begränsas av den skyldighet att begära förhandsavgörande som kan följa av artikel 267 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktiNational courts occupy a central role in the judicial system of the European Union, but they are not completely free to apply Union law independently. This paper examines the extent to which the national courts are limited by an obligation to request a preliminary ruling under Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, when it comes to assessing questions of EU law indepen