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This study analysed the effects of immunoregulatory cytokines on uroepithelial cell cytokine responses. The A-498 human kidney cell line was treated with the interleukins IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, interferon gamma (IFN-α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1). Secreted IL-6 and IL-8 were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and bioassay; IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA

Type 1 fimbriae are adhesion organelles expressed by many Gram-negative bacteria. They facilitate adherence to mucosal surfaces and inflammatory cells in vitro, but their contribution to virulence has not been defined. This study presents evidence that type 1 fimbriae increase the virulence of Escherichia coli for the urinary tract by promoting bacterial persistence and enhancing the inflammatory

Neutrophil influx to mucosal surfaces represents one of the earliest inflammatory responses to mucosal infection. We have been studying external interactions with urinary tract epithelial cells in an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this process. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli induced urinary tract epithelial cells to secrete the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin-8 (IL-8)

During bacterial infections at mucosal sites, neutrophils migrate to the mucosa and cross the epithelial barrier. We have examined neutrophil migration across Escherichia coli-stimulated uroepithelial cell layers in an attempt to more fully understand this process. Stimulation of uroepithelial cells with E. coli or interleukin-1α (IL-1α) induced transepithelial neutrophil migration in a time- and

Localized at the border between the external environment and the internal tissue, epithelial cells are exposed to stimulants from two directions. Microorganisms in the lumen can activate the transcription of cytokine mRNA and cytokine secretion, and cytokines in the mucosal environment can modify endogenous and microbially induced epithelial cytokine responses. Epithelial cells thus actively parti

This study compared the cytokine production of uroepithelial cell lines in response to gram-negative bacteria and inflammatory cytokines. Human kidney (A498) and bladder (J82) epithelial cell lines were stimulated with either Escherichia coli Hu734, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Supernatant samples were removed, and the RNA was extracted from cells at 0, 2, 6, and

Epithelial cell lines produce the cytokines IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8 when stimulated with Escherichia coli. The cytokine response is enhanced by P fimbriae. The epithelial cell lines also respond to stimulation with other cytokines. These in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo in patients with E. coli infection who secreted IL-6 and IL-8 into the urine. The observations suggest that epithelial cells

This study compared the repertoire of cytokines produced by epithelial cell lines and human peripheral blood monocytes in response to Escherichia coli. The A-498 and J82 urinary tract epithelial cell lines and human peripheral blood monocytes were exposed to E. coli Hu734. The cytokine content of single cells was detected by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-1α

Urinary tract infections activate a mucosal inflammatory response, which includes cytokine secretion and neutrophil influx. The mechanisms involved in the neutrophil influx have not been identified. Interleukin-8, a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, is produced by urinary tract epithelial cell lines in vitro. This study analyzed the human IL-8 response to deliberate Escherichia coli infectio

Trauma and infection activated a murine mucosal IL‐6 response in different ways: the IL‐6 response to bacteria was sensitive to Cyclosporin A (CsA); the IL‐6 response to trauma was not. The aim of the present study was to identify possible activators of the CsA‐insensitive IL‐6 secretion at the epithelial cell level. Two human epithelial cell lines from the kidney (A498) and bladder (J82) were exp

DNA methylation patterns change with age and can be used to derive an estimate of "epigenetic age," an indicator of biological age. Several studies have shown associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with worse somatic health and early mortality, raising the possibility of accelerated biological aging. This study examined associations between estimated epigenetic age and various variab

Higher order calculations are necessary to predict and describe measurements in high energy collider physics. In recent years multiple approaches to combine multiple next-to-leading (NLO) order corrections with parton showers had been presented. We present on recent developments and future perspective. We highlight similarities and ambiguities in the procedure of achieving a multijet merging at NL

In this talk I presented an algorithm to correct for wrong assignment of colour dipoles in the cascade of dipole showers. It is explained how simple matrix elements can be used to reorder the colour connections for the evolution of the following cascade. I discuss the possibility to modify the splitting kernels to include an improved behaviour. Further a numerical study is presented that indicates

We present an algorithm to combine multiple matrix elements at LO and NLO with a parton shower. We build on the unitarized merging paradigm. The inclusion of higher orders and multiplicities reduce the scale uncertainties for observables sensitive to hard emissions, while preserving the features of inclusive quantities. The combination allows further soft and collinear emissions to be predicted by

We perform a detailed study of the sources of perturbative uncertainty in parton-shower predictions within the Herwig 7 event generator. We benchmark two rather different parton-shower algorithms, based on angular-ordered and dipole-type evolution, against each other. We deliberately choose leading order plus parton shower as the benchmark setting to identify a controllable set of uncertainties. T

This volume contains a selection of chapters concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. The chapters included in this collection were writt