Wander Lowie, University of Groningen

Since its introduction by Diane Larsen-Freeman in 1997, Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) has become a well-established framework in second language research. With key empirical work beginning in Groningen in 2004, CDST emphasizes the dynamic, non-linear, and context-sensitive nature of language development. In this presentation I will review major findings, strengths, and challenges, and explore how CDST can inform pedagogy by promoting adaptive, learner-centered instruction that values variability and interaction. For future development, sustained theoretical refinement, methodological innovation, and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential to ensure the continued impact of CDST within Applied Linguistics research.