Examining the protective services of mangroves at a regional scale in Indonesia
The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the exposure of the coastal population of Kalimantan, Indonesia changed as a result of coastal mangrove loss and population growth. The change of exposure has therefore been calculated through the loss of mangrove biomass, through deforestation and degradation, over time, as well the increase in population living within 10km2 of disturbed mangroves. TheMangrove ecosystems have the potential to provide a host of ecosystem services to the communities surrounding them. Dense, healthy, networks of mangroves are able to provide a buffer to coastlines against the increasingly frequent and intense storms, expected under the influence of climate change. Additionally, healthy, mangrove ecosystem provide coastal communities with other benefits such as mor