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The Kalix River, located in the northern part of Sweden, experiences a slowdown in water flow during cold winters. However, in spring, when snow and ice melt in the mountains, the water flow starts to increase. Towards the end of spring, there is usually a rapid and unpredictable surge in water flow known as the spring flood. The arrival of the spring flood is stochastic in time and does not occur

Kraftliner is the unbleached pulp used in the outermost layer of corrugated cardboard. Like other types of paper, it is produced from wood chips as a raw material. Kraftliner is known for its high tensile strength, tear resistance, compressive strength, etc., making it suitable for packaging material for heavy objects. When paper is exposed to moisture, there is usually a dimensional change within

Social media is a well-studied area within strategic communication. However, among small to medium-sized industrial organizations (B2B), the research remains sparse. Therefore, this thesis aims to get a better understanding of social media usage among industrial small to medium-sized organizations from a strategic communication perspective. With the main focus being the CEO’s perception of social

I en alltmer instabil global ekonomi är kostnadseffektivitet och eliminering av onödiga utgifter avgörande för överlevnad inom företagsvärlden. Förpackning och transport av produkter är potentiella områden för sådana utgifter och kan utgöra en betydande brist i den moderna försörjningskedjan. Denna rapport syftar till att ge en nyanserad förståelse för utmaningarna med att bedriva verksamhet över Amid an increasingly unstable global economy, cost-efficiency and elimination of unnecessary expenses are critical for survival in the corporate world. The packaging and transportation of products present potential areas for such expenses and can constitute a significant flaw in the modern supply chain. This report seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges involved in conducting b

Många aspekter av Mars geologiska historia förblir gåtfulla, men för att öka vår kunskap om Mars historia är yt-datering metoder väsentliga. Utöver användningen av yt-morfologins relativa åldrar är den vanligaste dateringsmetoden på Mars kraterräkning. Kraterräkning använder SFD “size frequency distrubution” frekvensen av primära kraterstorlekar inom en area för att beräkna ytans ålder. Men även mMany aspects of Mars’s geological history remain enigmatic, in order to increase our knowledge of Mars’s geological history, methods for surface dating are very important. Next to the use of surface morphology superpositions, the most common surface dating method is referred to as crater counting. Crater counting uses the SFD size frequency distribution of primary crater within an area to calculat

The concept of defense capability is commonly used in Swedish social debate and within strategically oriented communication from the government and armed forces. However, this concept does not origin from any formally established definition or concept clarification. Instead, its meaning varies, or is implicit, which is unfortunate when this capability needs to be addressed and communicated intelli

Högsta domstolen har i två brottmål – mord respektive försök till mord – prövat om det är ställt utom rimligt tvivel att de tilltalade har gjort sig skyldiga till de brott som åklagaren påstår. Gemensamt för rättsfallen är att bevisningen bygger på indiciebevisning. Den klassiska definitionen av indicier är att de utgör indirekta spår av en brottslig gärning som pekar mot en viss gärningsman. På gIn two criminal cases – murder and attempted murder – the Supreme Court has tested whether it is beyond reasonable doubt that the defendants have committed the crimes alleged by the prosecutor. What the legal cases have in common is that the evidence is based on circumstantial evidence. The classic definition of circumstantial evidence is that they constitute indirect traces of a criminal act that

Bostäder i storstäder har blivit en svårtillgänglig lyxvara, samtidigt som ett fåtal tjänar mycket pengar på situationen. Som bostadsmarknaden ser ut idag, med vinstdrivande byggbolag tillsammans med dyr mark, går problemet inte att lösa utan förändring (Länsstyrelsen 2021). Detta examensarbete söker efter ett alternativt sätt att bo där de boende tillsammans tar kontroll över sin boendesituation.Housing in big cities has become a luxury that many people cannot afford, while a few make a lot of money out of the situation. As the housing market stands today, with profit-driven construction companies and expensive land, the problem cannot be solved without change (Länsstyrelsen 2021). This thesis seeks an alternative way of living, where the residents together take control of their housing s

One of today’s most valuable trade routes consists of digital submarine cables trafficking the seabed of the oceans. Our modern society depends on fast and secure digital connections for economic transactions, government for vital functions and military communication. This has become an arena for competition and an instrument for geopolitical power used by great powers such as USA and China. The g

The Swedish Armed Forces will expand in personnel and equipment during the following years. In 2025 the number of conscripts will be 8000 per year. The Air Force will keep 2 fighter squadrons of JAS 39 C/D at the same time as they train 4 fighter squadrons in JAS 39 E. To be able to do this, the Air Force need permanent staff, who can train new conscripts and work within the expanded base unit org

Since the end of WW2 there have been very few attacks with chemical weapons. There have been attacks in the Iran- Iraq war and some terrorists’ attacks in Japan. From the beginning of 2010 there have been an exploding increase in attacks with chemical weapons. Why is that? In this study based on congruence analysis I want to see if we can understand the use of chemical weapons in resent events by

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether two theories can have explanatory power on two real cases – the invasions of the Falkland Islands in 1982 and Kuwait in 1990. There is a theory that can be used by a state to unite a population towards a common goal – diversionary action. This is the basis for this study. To fully understand why this method was used and what made the two stat

Rising global temperatures are creating a variety of changes in polar regions and pushing organisms to new extremes. Snow cover changes in the arctic are leading to exposed soils, allowing the soil to freeze at lower temperatures and experience freeze thaw cycles. In this study, I investigated the effect of freeze thaw cycles on arctic microorganisms, focusing on the main microbial groups bacteria

The Arctic is a changing place where the melting of the ice creates new opportunities and shipping lanes, such as Northern Sea Route and possibility for raw material extraction. However, this prospects can also be a road to conflict. Russia and China are very active in the area with both soft and hard power, where China has focused on values, research and cooperation and Russia puts efforts on its

The ambition of this study is to assess whether it is most tactically advantageous to have fewer larger surface combatant ships compared to more smaller ones within the framework of a coastal defense operation in Swedish waters. The study notes that since the torpedo was first fired in anger in battle more than 135 years ago, small warships have for long had the ability to sink larger warships. Th

This paper evaluates the Swedish Armed Forces OSINT concept as it is laid out in the Swedish Armed Forces Intelligence regulations. The evaluation is done by applying John Gerring’s theory of Good Concepts to the concept in question. OSINT has become increasingly important in intelligence, with some sources claiming it regularly constitutes 35-90% of the answer to any given intelligence requiremen

Anthropogenic activities such as hydropower exploitation have been one of the main drivers of anadromous fish biodiversity loss during the past century. This has led to genetic homogenization and to the reduction of positive mechanisms such as the “portfolio effect”. In this study we propose the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic differences in Salmo salar and Salmo trutta populations in

Integrerad analys av biologiska data från cancerceller och närliggande immunceller förbättrar möjligheten att utveckla nya behandlingar Teknikutveckling har nyligen möjliggjort att detaljerad data från enskilda celler i en tumör kan samlas in – detta kallas spatial/rumslig omik. Metoden gör det möjligt att kartlägga till exempel uttrycks nivåer av protein eller gener från specifika celler i en väThe rapid development of high-throughput technologies has made it possible to generate large-scale data such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and, more recently, spatial omics. A common approach is to analyse each data source individually (single-omics analysis). However, combining these sources of information (multi-omics integration) can create a complete picture of the biological mecha

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utveckla en ny metod för att producera bilder med syntetisk aperturradar (SAR), med utgångspunkt i scenarier med arbiträr rörelse vad gäller radarsensorn. SAR är en väletablerad metod för att skapa 2- eller 3-dimensionella radarbilder, som traditionellt sett antar att radar-sensorns rörelse är linjär och förutsägbar. Därmed är positionerna för varje radardata-punThe purpose of this thesis is to develop a novel approach to producing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, assuming the scenario of arbitrary motion in regards to the radar sensor. SAR is a well-researched method for creating 2- or 3-dimensional radar images, traditionally assuming the radar sensor's motion to be linear and highly predictable. Thus the locations where each radar data is sam

Plastic pollution is one of the most severe forms of pollution and the high abundance of microplastics (MP) in aquatic ecosystems is already confirmed. Due to their small size and buoyancy, they are highly bioavailable and have been shown to have a wide range of negative impacts. As a result of their high trophic status and long lifespan, aquatic mammals are susceptible to bioaccumulation and biom