In the latest financial crisis, risk management and forecasts of market losses played a crucial role in the area of finance. This thesis evaluates the theory of Value-at-Risk through a quantitative study of two non-parametric approaches and three parametric: Basic- and volatility-weighted Historical Simulation, Normal distribution, Log-normal distribution and Student’s t-distribution. The thesis c

Denna uppsats har via en rättsdogmatisk metod undersökt gällande rätt avseende nödvärn och nödvärnsexcess vid överfall. Den faktiska rättstillämpningen i underrätterna har inte berörts. Rätten till försvarsvåld gentemot brottsliga angrepp tillkommer dels den angripne, dels envar som befinner sig på platsen för angreppet. Denna rätt regleras i nödvärnsstadgandet i 24 kap. 1 § BrB. Skulle omfattninThis paper is, using a legal dogmatic method, analyzing established law regarding self-defence and excessive self-defence. The actual application of the laws in this field is not analyzed. The right of defence against violent criminal attacks is granted to the person being attacked, as well as anyone else nearby. This right is prescribed by 24 chapter 1 § Brottsbalken (the Swedish criminal code)

Summary Within the EU, cooperation in criminal matters has been established and the cooperation could be described as increasingly intensified. Since the Tampere Conclusions of 1999 the cooperation is on its way in the light of the EU’s aim to offer its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice. The cooperation in criminal matters has developed mainly throughout two strategies: mutual reco

Due to the recent financial turmoil we have noticed how exposed our financial situations are. Not only the financial market has been affected but also major socio-economic crises have risen as a result of the recession. Despite this, there is a willingness to take part in trading on the financial market. Considerable amount of money is involved in the securities market which makes it obvious that Due to the recent financial turmoil we have noticed how exposed our financial situations are. Not only the financial market has been affected but also major socio-economic crises have risen as a result of the recession. Despite this, there is a willingness to take part in trading on the financial market. Considerable amount of money is involved in the securities market which makes it obvious that

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: En tredjedel av våra kärlväxter, och inte mindre än två tredjedelar av de rödlistade arterna, återfinns i semi-naturliga gräsmarker. Under de senaste 150-200 åren har denna typ av område minskat med omkring 90 % i Sverige och de kvarvarande gräsmarkerna drabbas av både kvalitetsförsämringar, som följd av minskat bete, gödsling o.s.v., och av en ökad fragmenterinSemi-natural grasslands are amongst our most species rich habitat types and house many threatened plant and animal species. These grasslands suffer from both quality deteriorations due to abandonment, fertilization etc., and from an increasing landscape fragmentation. In fragmented areas patches are smaller and more isolated from each other. If the anthropogenic influence is high, then they also t

Översiktliga beräkningar visar att ca 2 miljoner människor utsätts för trafikbullernivåer överstigande de riktvärden som riksdagen ställt sig bakom. Ungefär 500 000 av dessa utsätts för buller från tågtrafiken. Trafikbuller har betydelse för vår hälsa och de negativa effekterna kan vara störning av dagliga aktiviteter, stress sömnsvårigheter, koncentrationsproblem och högt blodtryck. Detta arbete Roughly 2 million Swedish citizens are exposed to traffic noise from roads, railways and aircrafts at levels higher than those approved by the government. As many as 500 000 of these are subject to railway noise. Exposure to traffic noise can have negative effects and cause irritation and disturbance of daily activities and also create general health problems such as lack of sleep, stress, concent

Weichselisens avsmältningsskede i Skåne var mycket komplicerat, vilket har föranlett en stundtals svårtolkad glacialmorfologi. I de norra och centrala delarna av Skåne retirerade isen mot norr och nordost, samtidigt som södra Skåne och Danmark berördes av lobformade isframstötar från en baltisk isström från söder- och sydost. Sedan länge har forskning pågått för att finna lösningen på isens rörelsThe deglaciation of the Weichselian ice sheet was very complicated and the resulting landscape has been perplexing different researchers throughout the 20th century. In the northern parts of Scania, the ice sheet receded towards north and northeast, while a dynamic ice stream with fast flowing ice influenced southern Scania and Denmark. The earlier researchers have mainly focused on striae, the di

Gröna tak kan minska problem med s.k. urban heat islands och kan användas för dagvattenhantering. Andra miljöfördelar som en förbättring av luftkvalitet, biodiversitet och bullerminskning finns också. Detta projekt fokuserar på lokala (kommunala) medel för att skapa en bättre miljö med extensiva gröna tak, vilka är nästan underhållsfria. Ett delområde i Lund som inkluderar Universitetet och UniverGreen roofs have the potential to mitigate problems with an urban heat island and to act as an element in stormwater management. Other environmental benefits exist as well, such as improvement of air quality, biological diversity and noise reduction. This project focuses on local community efforts to create a better environment through the use of extensive green roofs, which require almost no main

Sammanfattning Under 1960-talet kunde vetenskapsmän konstatera att en generell uppvärmning av atmosfären resulterade i klimatförändringar. En av källorna till den globala uppvärmningen var och är fortfarande den höga koncentrationen av växthusgaser i atmosfären som uppstår genom mänsklig aktivitet vid förbränning av fossila bränslen. Trots den vetskapen dröjde det en bit in på 2000-talet innan kliSummary In the 1960’s scientists discovered that general heating of the atmosphere or global warming results in climate change. One of the reasons behind global warming is the high concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere, which is a bi-product of fossil fuel combustion caused by human activity. Climate change did not become a European Union priority before the 21st century when the c

China's surging OFDI has been a prominent phenomenon since the start of 20th century. As China's economic growth is widely received as following a unique path, a question arises immediately---does Chinese outward investment also follows a distinctive pattern which can only be explained by special theories? This paper analyzes the determinants of Chinese OFDI by adopting Random Effects FGLS

The spaghetti bowl of regional trade agreements has been growing rapidly the past two decades. While services trade has often been excluded from these agreements, the recent trend suggests that a shift has occurred and that policy-makers are paying more attention to services trade. As Canada and the European Union (EU) are negotiating a bilateral trade agreement, services sector inclusion is a maj

The purpose of this master thesis is to explore IKEA’s return system and to suggest potential areas of improvement. The master thesis shall describe and identify the problems regarding handling material of the present return system, in order to suggest potential areas of improvement. This master thesis is an explorative study. Wide ranges of interviews were made and are the base of the study. Ob

A rich literature in economics has identified Institutions as a key factor in explaining the disparity in growth across countries. It is thus essential to look at the determinants of institutional quality. This study tries to capture the affect of one of the possible determinants of institutional quality that is trade openness. Theory suggests that there is a positive relationship between trade op

EU-domstolens avgörande i mål C-29/08 SKF har varit föremål för mycket uppmärksamhet och diskussion sedan det kom under hösten 2009. Avgörandet gäller möjligheten att dra av ingående mervärdesskatt på tjänster förvärvade för att genomföra försäljning av aktier i dotterbolag I denna uppsats har EU-domstolens SKF-dom stått i centrum. Den har att satts in i ett perspektiv och analyserats mot bakgrunThe decision of the ECJ in case C-29/08 SKF has been the subject of a lot of attention and discussion since it was delivered in 2009. The decision concerns the possibility of deduction of input VAT on services acquired in connection with the sale of shares in subsidiaries. In this thesis the decision of the ECJ in SKF has been the center of attention. It has been put into perspective and has been

Syfte Utifrån antagandet om att en investerare nyttomaximerar sin portfölj genom hög förväntad avkastning, är syftet med denna studie i ett första skede att undersöka och analysera hur en portfölj av två fondkategorier bör kombineras och varför. Det sker i sin tur utifrån investerares skilda preferenser vad gäller riskbenägenhet och placeringshorisont. I ett andra skede syftar studien att undersö