A stochastic hierarchical model for the evolution of low grade gliomas is proposed. Starting with the description of cell motion using a piecewise diffusion Markov process (PDifMP) at the cellular level, we derive an equation for the density of the transition probability of this Markov process based on the generalised Fokker–Planck equation. Then, a macroscopic model is derived via parabolic limit

Background: Grade of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is an important prognostic factor for progression. Currently, two World Health Organization (WHO) classification systems (WHO1973, categories: grade 1–3, and WHO2004 categories: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential [PUNLMP], low-grade [LG], high-grade [HG] carcinoma) are used. Objective: To ask the European Associa

Objective: Diagnosis of ventriculostomy related infections (VRI) in the neuro-intensive care unit remains challenging and current biomarkers lack adequate precision. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of Heparin-binding protein (HBP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a diagnostic biomarker of VRI. Methods: All patients treated with an external ventricular drain (EVD) between January

Little is known about how community composition in the plant microbiome is affected by events in the life of a plant. For example, when the plant is exposed to soil, microbial communities may be an important factor in root community assembly. We conducted two experiments asking whether the composition of the root microbiota in mature plants could be determined by either the timing of root exposure

This article explores some of the key institutional challenges hindering the development of a new ‘social’ housing cooperative model in Finland. In response to rising housing unaffordability and insecurity in the private housing sector, and a retrenching social housing sector, Finland is experiencing a resurgence of practical and political interest in housing cooperatives. Based on a document stud

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major public health problem worldwide, with the burden of these infections being high among female sex workers (FSWs), who are often not aware of their infection status. This study aimed to determine the factors that are associated with the number of STIs among FSWs in Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional bio-behavioral study involving res

Aspects of spatial and temporal rainfall variability and rainfall analysis in relation to some water management problems are surveyed and discussed. It is concluded that relevant modelling of hydrological processes in which the rainfall is a driving force is vital with respect to possibilities of finding solutions to increasing environmental problems following urbanization and industrialization. H

Providing safe drinking water to people in developing countries is an urgent worldwide water problem and a main issue in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. One of the most efficient and cheapest methods to attain these goals is to promote the use of slow sand filters. This review shows that slow sand filters can efficiently provide safe drinking water to people living in rural communities not s

The transformation of rainfall into runoff is one of the most important processes in hydrology. In the past few decades, a wide variety of automated or computer-based approaches have been applied to model this process. However, many such approaches have an important limitation in that they treat the rainfall-runoff process as a realization of only a few parameters of linear relationships rather th

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an electromagnetic technique for measurements of water and solute transport in soils. The relationship between the TDR-measured dielectric constant (Ka) and bulk soil electrical conductivity ([sgrave]a) to water content (θW) and solute concentration is difficult to describe physically due to the complex dielectric response of wet soil. This has led to the develop

The present study aimed at investigating whether a nonlinear and scaling approach is suitable for statistically characterizing the spatial variability of soil geochemical element contents at field conditions. Spatial distributions of 20 soil geochemical elements' contents in an agricultural field soil were investigated. Two indicators of nonlinear scaling were employed, empirical probability distr

A total of 200 heavy rainfall events with duration from 1 to 10 days were studied regarding maximum point depth, duration, areal extent, storm centre distribution, and seasonal distribution. The data base includes daily rainfall recordings from 78 stations in the Hongru River basin, an upper tributary to the Huai River, from 1955 to 1987. The 12 380 km2 large basin is situated on the outskirts of

In developing countries, the use of mathematical models in hydrological forecasting is increasing, making for optimal planning and management of water resources systems. Such application, however, faces different problems. One of these problems is that computers may not be available. Even if they are available, computer time is expensive. Hence, there is a need for simple models which can be run o

Spring water, however, is often formed in complex geological formations and therefore it is difficult to determine the catchment area contributing to the flow. The Sayanokami spring, located in western part of Fukuoka City, Japan, is such a spring and an important water resource for the local agriculture. In order to better understand the hydrological properties of infiltration and groundwater pro

Spatial variation patterns of soil water content are investigated along a bare soil transect covering a crest-to-crest spacing (about 60 m) in a shifting sand dune area. Soil water content analyses from gravimetrical soil sampling and neutron probe observations are shown to give different information regarding variability patterns. Gravimetrical sampling displays a large effect of a small rainfall

The spatial properties of the correlation structure based on daily rainfall data from 67 stations throughout Tunisia over a 5‐year period are examined. The correlation structure is generally markedly anisotropic as influenced by topography and the coast. These two factors seem to influence the correlation pattern differently during different months. The mean areas within the 0.7 correlation isolin

Composite correlation fields based on a 5‐year record of daily rainfall at 67 stations throughout Tunisia were used to investigate spatial and temporal properties of rainfall fields. The composite correlation fields had in general banded or elliptical patterns and with the elongations generally along the coastline or the topographical ridges. The banded patterns occurred usually during the rainy s