The human ability to maintain upright stance in the presence of external disturbances such as gravity or body-support surface motion has intrigued researchers over the last century.

The effects of transdermally administered scopolamine (TTS-scopolamine, release rate 5 g/h) and dimenhydrinate (100 pmg) were examined on caloriC., angular acceleration induced and optokinetic nystagmus in 16 volunteers in a randomized doubleblind study. All drugs induced a statistically significant decrease in maximum velocity of caloric nystagmus. In the rotatory test, two TTS-scopolamine and di

Lesions to the vermis cerebelli in man have been reported to produce dysmetric saccades, defective smooth pursuit, and spontaneous upbeat nystagmus. From animal experiments it has been suggested that only the posterior part of the cerebellar vermis is involved in the processing of eye movements. We report the case of a patient whose anterior vermis was resected due to metastasis of a colon adenoca

The term “whiplash” already suggests difficulties in assessing this problem. Patients suffering from “whiplash” or “whiplash-associated disorders” (WAD) are defined as having been exposed to similar types of trauma or sometimes even similar mode of impact, rather than as having a certain type of lesion or set of symptoms [1, 2]. The origin of the term “whiplash” is attributed to H. Crowe [3, 4], w

A model for the interpretation of nystagmus is worked out. A lesion in the vestibular system may appear as alteration in velocity of slow viz. fast phase of nystagmus, disconjugation of the nystagmus or as dysrhythmic nystagmus. The visual system, viz. the cortical and subcortical optokinetic nystagmus seems to provide the eye-head coordinates and retical error velocity to calibrate or cancel the

The response pattern of 109 floccular cells of alert, intact cat was examined during different proprioceptive, vestibular and visual tasks. In 62 neurons covergence of at least two sensory modalities could be confirmed. 14 of these cells responded to vestibular, visual and proprioceptive stimuli. Saccadic neurons responded to ipsi- and contralateral saccades, but with somewhat different latency an

Dizziness and subjective balance disturbances are frequent complaints in cervical pain syndromes of different origins. We objectively assessed balance function with posturography using vibration-induced and galvanically induced body sway in consecutive patients with cervicobrachial pain syndrome of more than 3 months duration. Both a group of patients with MRI-verified cervical root compression (C

There are several modes of adaptation to postural perturbations used to withstand balance disturbances and reduce the effects of muscle fatigue. We summarize experimental results, which demonstrate that there are several modes of adaptation to postural perturbations, and we discuss the properties of these adaptive processes. The presented findings suggest that patients with balance disorders would

The executive committee of the European Society for the clinical evaluation of balance disorders meets annually to address equilibrium problems that are not well understood. This is a review paper on discussions in the latest meeting we held. Materials and methods: Seeing patients with vestibular disorders who end up depending on visual information as part of their compensation process is a common